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Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes

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Suggestions on Welding Stainless Steel

 

 

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Suggestions for Welding Stainless Steel    (back to top)   

Stainless steels were primarily developed to render corrosion resistance. There are certain other requirements that must be met in every stainless application. They may include corrosion resistance in a particular medium, avoidance of contamination of product, resistance to oxidation and carbonization at elevated temperatures as well as the ability to provide requisite mechanical strength. There are several grades of stainless steels which can be broadly grouped into 300 Series, 400 Series and others. 300 Series stainless steels contain iron, chromium, nickel and carbon as well as principal ingredients. 400 Series stainless steels contain iron, chromium and carbon as principal ingredients. Not all 400 Series are weldable.

Weldable 400 Series stainless steels are also called straight chromium steels since their major alloying element is chromium. The 400 Series can be divided into ferritic grades and martensitic grades. Each grade calls for different preheat and interpass welding temperatures. The martensitic grades contain chromium from 11-14% and are air hardenable unless modified with an addition of aluminum, titanium, columbium or carbon levels below 0.1%. These modified grades and the higher chromium grades up to 30% have markedly decreased hardenability and are called ferritic stainless steels.

The second group of stainless steels are 300 Series. These grades are very popular in the fabrication industry, as they can withstand a variety of corrosion media. The chromium content of these steels range from 16% to 30%, and the nickel content from 5% to 35%. These are called austenitic steels, as the micro-structure of these grades is predominantly austenite. Nonetheless, there is some ferrite in several grades. The other grades which do not contain any ferrite are called fully austenitic grades. A small amount of ferrite is necessary to stop cracking during solidification of welds. However, in certain media, ferrite causes corrosion, and the only choice for such media is to opt for fully austenitic grades. Fully austenitic grades give rise to micro-fissuring during welding, which could be eliminated by choosing low heat input processes along with restricted low melting constituents in the weld metal.

In addition to the 300 and 400 Series, stainless steels are also classified as 200 Series, 505, 505 modified, 630, 2209, 2253, etc. These products are used for specific purposes which will be discussed under their respective item description in the following pages. However, duplex and super duplex stainless steels call for special mention.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Welding Requirements     back to top

To weld stainless steels, three factors are to be considered:

  1. The type of stainless steel material that is to be welded.

  2. The process of welding.

  3. The distortion due to welding.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Welding of 300 Series Stainless Steels     back to top

The 300 Series is comprised of two types of material: those which contain ferrite and austenite; and those which contain only austenite.

None of the above require any preheat or interpass temperature or post weld heat treatment. However, heating up to 150 degrees F before welding is advisable to evaporate any condensed moisture in the joint. The stainless steels which do not contain any ferrite are called fully austenitic steels. These materials are prone to develop micro-fissures during welding. Formation of micro-fissures could be avoided by selecting the low heat input process of welding such as TIG or shielded metal arc with up to 1/8" diameter electrodes. The consumables selected for welding of these materials should be able to deposit weld metal with low levels of impurities and low melting constituents. Welding of austenitic stainless steels with more than 10% ferrite should be done with low interpass temperature in order to avoid temper embrittlement, which could occur between 800 degrees F and 1100 degrees F. Some grades, such as 309L, 309LSi and 312, which contain higher ferrite are used for welding of dissimilar metals, in which cause the resulting ferrite in the weld deposit, after dilution from the base materials, should be taken into consideration. If the ferrite after dilution is too low--say less than 2FN or less--there could be a problem of microfissuring in the welds. If the resulting ferrite is too high, such welds undergo faster embrittlement and it is advisable to limit such welds to one or two layers.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Welding of 400 Series Stainless Steels     back to top

Welding of most of the 400 Series stainless steels call for maintaining preheat and interpass temperatures, and in some cases post-weld heating to avoid formation of brittle structure called martensite.

Techalloy 405, 409Cb and 430 grades which are ferritic do not require preheat, but it is advisable to heat to 200 degrees F to avoid possible formation of martensite. Techalloy 420 is a martensitic grade, and is extremely sensitive to air hardening, and should be preheated and weld above 600 degrees F. and subjected to post-weld heating at 500 degrees F for one hour.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Welding of Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels     back to top

Duplex and super duplex stainless steels were developed to combine the best properties of austenitic and ferritic steels. They have higher yield strength, 65 Ksi (450 N /mm2), and higher tensile strength, 100 Ksi (69 N / mm2), compared to 300 Series stainless steels. These steels are resistant to corrosion as well as to stress corrosion cracking and pitting from hydrocarbon compounds.

Filler metals to weld duplex and super duplex stainless steels will have similar chemical composition to that of parent metal except that the nickel is higher by 3% to 4%. Higher nickel is required to reduce ferrite in order to obtain optimum mechanical properties.

Duplex and super duplex stainless steels are sensitive to embrittlement around 900 degrees F and could rapidly form brittle inter-metallic phases (such as CHI and SIGMA) between 1300 degrees F and 1500 degrees F. Control of heat input during welding is essential to avoid formation of intermetallic phases. Heat input in the range of 15-60 KJ / inch is recommended for welding.

Duplex stainless steels typically have a pitting index between 35 and 38, and super duplexes typically have a pitting index above 40. Pitting index is calculated with the following formula:

PITTING INDEX = %Cr + 3.3(% Mo) + 16(%N)

 

 

 

 

 

Process of Welding     back to top

Influence of welding processes and parameters also are to be considered for welding of stainless steels. The major welding processes are:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SMAW Welding     back to top

In shielded metal arc welding, the consumable used for welding is a coated electrode. The coating flux contains various minerals in order to impart different characteristics to welding. Some principal functions of the flux are:

The electrode should be transferred to a holding oven when the package is opened to stop them from absorbing moisture from the atmosphere.

 

 

 

 

 

SAW Welding     back to top

In submerged arc welding, the flux is separately fed into the joint where the consumable wire establishes an arc beneath the flux. In the heat generated from the arc, the wire as well as some part of the flux melts. As the welding head moves on along the joint, slag and metal separate by virtue of difference in their specific gravities, and on solidification, the weld metal makes the joint, and the slag will be chipped off. The functions of the flux are similar to those in shielded metal arc welding. Heat input is high in SAW, leading to higher productivity.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TIG Welding     back to top

In TIG welding, the arc is struck between the work piece and the non-consumable tungsten electrode. The consumable wire is melted in the arc atmosphere and the inert-gases like Argon or Helium or their mixture are used as shielding gases. TIG is extremely suited to join thin sheets, tubes and making root pass welding in pipes, since the heat input in this process is minimal. TIG welds do not cause any undercuts or excessive penetration and the distortion is lowest compares to any other welding process. TIG welds offer superior quality, but result in low productivity.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MIG Welding      back to top

Gas-Metal-Arc welding is generally called MIG (Metal Inert Gas) welding. In this process the consumable wire travels through a nozzle and tip before it makes an arc with the work piece. The arc atmosphere is shielded by gases like:

MIG welding is a high-productivity process. MIG welding doesn't need expensive machinery, and the welding machines are easily transportable, making this process very  popular on construction sites. In MIG welding, shielding gas, welding parameters, and the consumable assume an important role. Shielding gases are chosen taking quality, cost and operability into consideration.

In the case of welding with flux cored wires, 100% CO2 and 75% Argon + 25% CO2 are used as shielding gases.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Control of Distortion Due to Welding     back to top

Two factors contribute to distortion:

  1. The thermal coefficient of expansion of austenitic stainless steels is very high compared to that of mild steels.

  2. The conductivity of heat of stainless steels is much less than that of mild steels.

Due to the combination of above factors, stainless steels undergo distortion, which must be controlled by using suitable jigs, fixtures and balanced heat input during welding.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Estimation of Delta Ferrite in Austenitic Stainless Steel     back to top

There are three methods of estimating ferrite in stainless steels:

  1. By measuring with instruments like Magna-Gauge, which work on the principal of measuring the magnetic strength.

  2. By calculating from the chemical composition with the help of diagrams developed by Schaeffler, Delong and Welding Research Council.

  3. By metallographic methods.

Of the above, the first two items are popular, while the third approach is laborious and time-consuming. Ferrite can be measured from an undiluted weld metal employing a calibrated instrument. Ferrite can also be estimated from the chemical composition of undiluted weld metal using multiple regression charts. Measured ferrite and estimated ferrite could differ to a certain extent.

The weld parameters, thermal experience, and the size, shape and orientation of ferrite could influence the accuracy of measurements.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AWS A5.4 E308-16     back to top                 

E308-16 electrodes are used to weld unstabilized 18-8 stainless steels such as Types 301, 302, 304, 305 and 308. E308-16 electrodes provide corrosion resistance and physical properties equal to or greater than the steels for which they are recommended. Typical applications include dairy, distillery, restaurant equipment and chemical tanks.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit:

Carbon                      .05
Manganese               1.7
Silicon                      .52
Chromium             19.70
Nickel                   9.30
Sulfur                      .021
Phosphorus              .023
Nitrogen                  .04
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            87,500 PSI   600 MPA
Yield Strength               58,000 PSI   400 MPA
Elongation                     38%

AWS A5.4 E308L-16     back to top                 

E308-16L is an extra low carbon electrode used to weld Types 304L and 347. The weld deposit contains a maximum of .04% carbon, which minimizes the formation of chromium carbides, and consequently susceptibility to intergranular corrosion. The weld deposit, with controlled ferrite, gives excellent notch toughness at -320 degrees F (-196 degrees C).

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .05
Manganese               1.7
Silicon                      .52
Chromium             19.70
Nickel                   9.30
Sulfur                      .021
Phosphorus              .023
Nitrogen                  .04
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            87,500 PSI   600 MPA
Yield Strength               58,000 PSI   400 MPA
Elongation                     38%

AWS A5.4 E309-16     back to top                   

E309-16 electrodes are used for the welding of similar alloys in wrought and cast form, as well as for dissimilar metals such as stainless steels to carbon or low alloy steels. They can also be used for a barrier layer before cladding. Welding of type 405 and 430 can be accomplished without preheat, while types 410, 422 and 446 may call for preheating of a minimum of 300 degrees F (150 degrees C).

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .08
Manganese               1.70
Silicon                      .52
Chromium             23.50
Nickel                   12.3
Sulfur                      .021
Phosphorus              .024
Nitrogen                  .05
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            87,500 PSI   600 MPA
Yield Strength               59,500 PSI   400 MPA
Elongation                     35%
 

AWS A5.4 E309L-16     back to top                 

E309-16L gives a weld deposit similar to 309, with reduced carbon levels (.04% maximum) that offer increased resistance to intergranular corrosion. Type 309L is ideal for joining stainless steels to themselves or to carbon or low alloy steels. E309-16L is preferred to E309-16 for cladding over carbon or low alloy steels, as well as dissimilar joints undergo heat treatment.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .035
Manganese               1.58
Silicon                      .53
Chromium             23.45
Nickel                   12.6
Sulfur                      .021
Phosphorus              .024
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            88,500 PSI   555 MPA
Yield Strength               59,000 PSI   410 MPA
Elongation                     36%

Tech-Rod 309 Cb - (AWS A5.4 E309Cb-16)     back to top               

The weld deposit of this electrode is similar to that of E309-16, with the addition of columbium, which stabilizes the alloy against intergranular corrosion. E309-16Cb electrodes are recommended for welding the clad side of types 304L, 321 and 347 stainless steels. The weld deposits provide higher strength at elevated temperatures compared to standard type 309 grade.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .08
Manganese               1.65
Silicon                      .56
Chromium             23.1
Nickel                   12.9
Columbium +
Tantalum                 .79
Sulfur                      .019
Phosphorus              .022
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            88,000 PSI   610 MPA
Yield Strength               60,000 PSI   415 MPA
Elongation                     34%

AWS A5.4 E309Mo-16     back to top                   

E309-16Mo electrodes are used primarily for welding type 316 clad stainless steel and for joining molybdenum bearing austenitic stainless steels to mild or low alloy steels. This electrode may also be used for overlaying carbon steel to provide deposits with a composition similar to type 316 stainless steel.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit:

Carbon                      .07
Manganese               1.45
Silicon                      .52
Chromium             23.2
Nickel                   13.3
Molybdenum           2.4
Sulfur                      .019
Phosphorus              .025
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            88,500 PSI   610 MPA
Yield Strength               60,000 PSI   420 MPA
Elongation                     35%

AWS A5.4 E310-16     back to top                

E310-16 electrodes are used to weld stainless steels of similar composition in wrought and cast iron form. The weld deposit is fully austenitic, and as such calls for a minimum heat input during welding.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .11
Manganese               1.90
Silicon                      .52
Chromium             26.2
Nickel                   20.95
Sulfur                      .012
Phosphorus              .016
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            90,500 PSI   625 MPA
Yield Strength               61,500 PSI   425 MPA
Elongation                     34%

AWS A5.4 E310Cb-16     back to top                 

E310-16Cb electrodes deposit weld metal that is similar in composition to that of type 310, with an addition of columbium and a reduction in carbon content. these electrodes are primarily used for welding steels that are clad with type 347, as well as for joining columbium stabilized steels to mild or low alloy steels.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .12
Manganese               2.0
Silicon                      .52
Chromium             26.4
Nickel                   21.4
Columbium             .79
Sulfur                      .022
Phosphorus              .02
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            90,000 PSI   620 MPA
Yield Strength               60,500 PSI   420 MPA
Elongation                     31%
 

AWS A5.4 E310HC-16     back to top            

E310-16HC is designed for welding of high alloy heat and corrosion resistant castings of HK grade. The composition of the weld deposit is similar to that of type 310, with the carbon level between 
0.35% and 0.45%

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .41
Manganese               2.15
Silicon                      .52
Chromium             26.25
Nickel                   21.4
Sulfur                      .021
Phosphorus              .019
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength           104,500 PSI   720 MPA
Yield Strength               85,500 PSI   590 MPA
Elongation                     12%

AWS A5.4 E310Mo-16     back to top                

The weld deposit of E310-16Mo electrodes is similar to that of type 310, with an addition of molybdenum. These electrodes are used for the welding of the clad side of types 316, 316L and 317 clad steels. They are also used for welding other molybdenum bearing stainless steels for joining these steels either to mild or low alloy steels.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .12
Manganese               2.05
Silicon                      .48
Chromium             26.4
Nickel                   21.30
Molybdenum          2.30
Sulfur                      .019
Phosphorus              .024
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            91,000 PSI   630 MPA
Yield Strength               78,000 PSI   540 MPA
Elongation                     12%

AWS A5.4 E312-16     back to top                  

E312-16 electrodes are used for welding wrought and cast alloys of similar composition as well as for welding of dissimilar metals. The weld deposits exhibit high tensile strength and offer good 
resistance to abrasion.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .12
Manganese               1.80
Silicon                      .56
Chromium             29.3
Nickel                   9.4
Sulfur                      .021
Phosphorus              .022
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            109,000 PSI   750 MPA
Yield Strength               78,000 PSI   540 MPA
Elongation                     23%

AWS A5.4 E316-16     back to top                

E316-16 electrodes are designed for welding wrought and cast forms of similar composition. The presence of molybdenum increases the creep resistance at elevated temperatures and offers good resistance at elevated temperatures and offers good resistance to pitting corrosion. Applications include welding of equipment for chemical and process industries.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .055
Manganese               1.7
Silicon                      .56
Chromium             18.85
Nickel                   12.90
Molybdenum           2.35
Sulfur                      .024
Phosphorus              .025
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            87,500 PSI   600 MPA
Yield Strength               58,500 PSI   400 MPA
Elongation                     36%

AWS A5.4 E316L-16     back to top             

The weld deposit of E316-16L electrodes is similar to that of Techalloy type 316, except the carbon is limited to a maximum of 0.04%. Precise control of the carbon content in E316-16L electrodes provides a weld deposit matching the corrosion resistant qualities of type 316L stainless steel. The extra low carbon content reduces the possibility of carbide precipitation and consequent intergranular corrosion.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .035
Manganese               1.75
Silicon                      .52
Chromium             18.7
Nickel                   12.65
Molybdenum            2.30
Sulfur                      .022
Phosphorus              .024
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            85,800 PSI   590 MPA
Yield Strength               58,000 PSI   400 MPA
Elongation                     36%

AWS A5.4 E317-16     back to top                

E317-16 electrodes are designed for welding of alloys of similar composition. The weld deposit has more molybdenum compared to that of type 316, and offers good resistance to crevice and pitting corrosion.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .06
Manganese               1.55
Silicon                      .52
Chromium             18.9
Nickel                   12.95
Molybdenum           3.350
Sulfur                      .022
Phosphorus              .018
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            86,500 PSI   600 MPA
Yield Strength               58,500 PSI   400 MPA
Elongation                     34%

AWS A5.4 E317L-16     back to top           

The weld deposit of E317-16L is similar to that of type 317, except the carbon is limited to a maximum of 0.04%. In addition to the resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, this consumable offers good resistance to intergranular corrosion.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit:

Carbon                      .035
Manganese               1.65
Silicon                      .55
Chromium             18.75
Nickel                   13.0
Sulfur                      .019
Phosphorus              .022
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded):

Tensile Strength            82,500 PSI   570 MPA
Yield Strength               58,000 PSI   400 MPA
Elongation                     38%

AWS A5.4 E320-16     back to top                  

E320-16 electrodes are designed for welding of alloys of similar composition in wrought and cost forms. The weld metal provides exceptionally good corrosion resistance to a wide range of chemical environment. The weld deposit is fully austenitic, and as such the heat input has to be limited to minimum during welding to avoid microfissuring.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .04
Manganese               1.95
Silicon                      .52
Chromium             20.10
Nickel                   33.75
Molybdenum           2.55
Columbium +
Tantalum                  .72
Copper                    3.55
Sulfur                      .019
Phosphorus              .022
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded):

Tensile Strength            86,000 PSI   590 MPA
Yield Strength               59,000 PSI   410 MPA
Elongation                     33%

AWS A5.4 E320LR-16     back to top               

E320-16LR is similar in composition to E320-16, with carbon, silicon, phosphorus and sulfur controlled to lower limits and columbium and manganese kept to a narrower range. This composition is designed to reduce the possibility of microfissuring; however, low heat input is advisable for welding.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .024
Manganese               2.05
Silicon                      .24
Chromium             19.8
Nickel                   33.9
Molybdenum           2.4
Columbium +
Tantalum                 .27
Copper                   3.55
Sulfur                      .011
Phosphorus              .014
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            85,000 PSI   590 MPA
Yield Strength               57,000 PSI   390 MPA
Elongation                     34%

AWS A5.4 E330-16     back to top                

E330-16 electrodes are used to weld wrought and cast forms of stainless steels of similar chemical composition, which offer good heat and scale resistance above 1800 degrees F (980 degrees C). However, high sulfur environments adversely affect the high temperature performance. The heat input has to be kept to a minimum during welding to avoid the possibility of microfissuring.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .21
Manganese               1.90
Silicon                      .48
Chromium             15.45
Nickel                   34.4
Sulfur                      .023
Phosphorus              .021
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            84,500 PSI   580 MPA
Yield Strength               57,000 PSI   390 MPA
Elongation                     26%

AWS A5.4 E330H-16     back to top            

The weld deposit of E330-16H is of the similar chemical composition of E330-16, with an increased carbon between 0.35% to 0.45%. These electrodes are primarily used to weld high-grade alloy castings which can withstand oxidizing atmospheres up to 2000 degrees F (980 degrees C). However, high sulfur environments are detrimental.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit:

Carbon                      .41
Manganese               2.0
Silicon                      .50
Chromium             15.70
Nickel                   34.2
Sulfur                      .018
Phosphorus              .023
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded):

Tensile Strength            97,000 PSI   670 MPA
Yield Strength               81,000 PSI   560 MPA
Elongation                     12%

AWS A5.4 E347-16     back to top               

E347-16 electrodes are columbium stabilized stainless steel electrodes used for the welding of types 347 and 321 stainless clad steels. The columbium content is approximately ten times the carbon content, and when this product is used to weld stabilized type 347 or 321 parent metal, it precludes intergranular corrosion under severe operating conditions.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .055
Manganese               1.65
Silicon                      .52
Chromium             19.15
Nickel                   10.15
Columbium              .75
Sulfur                      .017
Phosphorus              .024
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            86,000 PSI   590 MPA
Yield Strength               57,000 PSI   390 MPA
Elongation                     35%

AWS A5.4 E385-16    back to top            

E385-16 is used for welding  of materials of similar chemical composition (UNS Number N08904). These materials are used in fabrication of equipment and vessels for handling and storage of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid. The weld metal is fully austenitic and, as such, the low melting constituents such as carbon, silicon and phosphorus should be kept low. Welding must be done with low heat input, using stringer bead technique.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit:

Carbon                      .015
Manganese               2.1
Silicon                      .45
Chromium             20.5
Nickel                   25.2
Molybdenum          4.6
Copper                  1.750
Sulfur                      .009
Phosphorus              .018
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded):

Tensile Strength            88,000 PSI   610 MPA
Yield Strength               65,500 PSI   450 MPA
Elongation                     32%

AWS A5.4 E410-16     back to top                 

E410-16 is designed to weld stainless steels of similar chemical composition as well as to overlay carbon steels to impart corrosion, erosion and abrasion. This material, being an air-hardening type, calls for a preheat and interpass temperature of not less that 400 degrees F (200 degrees C) during welding.

NOTE:  Mechanical properties listed below reflect utilization of a post-weld heat treatment between 1550 degrees F and 1650 degrees F for two hours.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .12
Manganese                .68
Silicon                      .52
Chromium             12.1
Sulfur                      .021
Phosphorus              .022
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            78,500 PSI   540 MPA
Yield Strength               63,000 PSI   430 MPA
Elongation                     23%

AWS A5.4 E410NiMo-16     back to top          

E410-16NiMo is designed to weld materials of similar chemical compositions in cast and wrought forms. Preheat and interpass temperatures of not less that 300 degrees F (150 degrees C) are recommended during welding. Post-weld heat treatment should not exceed 1150 degrees F (620 degrees C), as higher temperatures may result in hardening.

NOTE: Mechanical properties listed below reflect utilization of a post-weld heat treatment between 1100 degrees F and 1150 degrees F for one hour.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .03
Manganese                .52
Silicon                      .45
Chromium             12.1
Nickel                   4.55
Molybdenum          .52
Sulfur                      .019
Phosphorus              .018
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            110,500 PSI   800 MPA
Yield Strength               91,000 PSI   630 MPA
Elongation                     17%

AWS A5.4 E430     back to top                 

E430-16 is designed to weld materials of similar chemical composition as well as overlay on carbon steels. The undiluted weld metal is ferritic, but with the dilution from mild or low alloy steel, it could become martensitic. Therefore, preheating and interpass temperatures of 300 degrees F (150 degrees C) during welding are recommended.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .05
Manganese                .65
Silicon                      .42
Chromium             16.4
Sulfur                      .024
Phosphorus              .023
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            74,000 PSI   530 MPA
Yield Strength               58,500 PSI   400 MPA
Elongation                     23%

AWS A5.4 E502-16     back to top                   

E502-16 is designed to weld materials of similar chemical composition which are used in high temperature service applications. A preheat and interpass temperatures of not less that 350 degrees F (175 degrees C) is required during welding to eliminate the possibility of cracking.

NOTE:  Mechanical properties listed below reflect utilization of a post-weld heat treatment between 1550 degrees F (840 degrees C) and 1600 degrees F (870 degrees C) for two hours.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .08
Manganese                .72
Silicon                      .51
Chromium               5.25
Molybdenum             .52
Sulfur                      .022
Phosphorus              .023
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            77,800 PSI   540 MPA
Yield Strength               59,000 PSI   410 MPA
Elongation                     22%

AWS A5.4 E505-16     back to top                 

E505-16 is designed to weld materials of similar chemical composition. This alloy is an air-hardening type, and hence calls for preheat and interpass temperature of not less that 350 degrees F during welding.

NOTE: Mechanical properties listed below reflect utilization of a post-weld heat treatment between 1550 degrees F (840 degrees C) and 1600 degrees F (870 degrees C) for two hours.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .065
Manganese                .60
Silicon                      .46
Chromium               9.5
Molybdenum            .98
Sulfur                      .022
Phosphorus              .023
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            81,000 PSI   560 MPA
Yield Strength               63,500 PSI   440 MPA
Elongation                     22%

AWS A5.4 E2209-16     back to top                   

E2209-16 is used to weld duplex stainless steels such as UNS Number N31803. The welds offer excellent resistance to stress corrosion, cracking and pitting. The microstructure of the weld metal consists of austenite and ferrite of weld metal will be lower than the ferrite of type 2205  base metal. Welding of duplex stainless steels call for controlled parameters to achieve specified mechanical and corrosion resistance properties.

Typical Chemical Composition of the deposit :

Carbon                      .02
Manganese                1.65
Silicon                      .52
Chromium             22.4
Nickel                     8.9
Molybdenum           3.3
Sulfur                      .012
Phosphorus              .016
Nitrogen                 .16
Iron                     Balance

Mechanical Properties of all weld metal (as welded) :

Tensile Strength            102,000 PSI   700 MPA
Yield Strength               87,000 PSI   600 MPA
Elongation                     22%

 

 

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